Why college music education majors need applied study

Most of my university students are music education majors, with plans to become public school band directors. Their academic schedules are absolutely packed full with core music theory and musicology classes, keyboard proficiency, teaching methods, ensembles, and of course general education requirements. There isn’t room for anything extra. And yet they are required to take “applied” private lessons on their major instrument every semester in residence (on paper, that’s seven semesters, with the eighth being a student teaching assignment; for many students it turns into more semesters than that). At my school, I think the requirements for the music education applied sequence are pretty typical: weekly 1-hour lessons, 12 or more hours of practice per week (that’s my studio requirement for music education students), a scale/arpeggio exam, juried playing exams each semester, and a small juried recital. That’s a pretty serious multi-year commitment for a student who is already swimming in term papers, exams, rehearsals, and probably a part-time job.

Photo, peffs

And it’s likely that many of them, once settled into jobs, won’t have much time to spend with their instruments anymore—they will be consumed with the endless details and crises of running a public school band program, and the ensemble itself will become their primary “instrument” for musical expression. Few of them will ever again perform solo repertoire.

So why put so much emphasis on applied study for music education undergraduates? Is it possible or wise to reduce the individual instrumental study burden? I don’t think so.

Much of what I am trying to accomplish with my students isn’t really about their fingers or their embouchures or their reeds; it’s about their ears. I want them to learn to notice the notes that respond sluggishly or are a little out of tune or have inferior tone, the phrases that aren’t smooth and coherent, the tempi that are uneven. I want them to listen on a detailed level, and then create and execute a plan for improving the way they sound. In a few short years, that is what they will need to do with a whole room full of young instrumentalists. If my students can’t make it happen on their own single instruments, how are they going to pull it off with a group?

A factor that seems to be brought up often is the need for future band directors to “model” good playing for their students. I agree that this is a lovely thought, but it’s ultimately a pipe dream that band directors will be able to convincingly model every instrument in the band. (Students in my woodwind methods class get a one-semester crash course in all five woodwinds). However, as a very young saxophonist I was particularly inspired when a change of band directors at my junior high school brought in a musician, a trumpet player, who was an active performer in the community—something that hadn’t, before then, really occurred to me as a future career opportunity. I don’t recall him ever making any attempt to model playing of my instrument, but his level of achievement and his performance calendar were eye-openers for me, and I think that example was key in my decision to pursue music seriously.

College music education majors need to be able to take individual responsibility for musicianship, able to translate a printed page into a meaningful musical performance. They need to show their students by example what it is to be a musician. And that doesn’t start at the podium—it starts in the practice room.

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    Solo/chamber stage etiquette for first-year music majors

    Here’s what I teach my first-year music majors as they are preparing for their first public performance of solo or chamber repertoire. Customs may vary in your area.

    photo, Converse College
    photo, Converse College
    • Dress professionally and comfortably. Formalwear/eveningwear is overkill and a distraction for most music major recital performances. I like to wear a necktie and preferably also a jacket, but something of roughly equivalent dressiness also works (slacks/skirt and a nice top are another example).
    • Enter the stage by walking swiftly and confidently. Stop just short of the music stand, so that it isn’t between you and the audience (at least not yet).
    • Before you do anything else, acknowledge your audience with a bow. (If you are on stage with collaborative musicians, wait for them to get into position so you can all bow together. Whoever is standing closest to the front should start the bow as soon as everybody is ready.) To bow: bend at the waist, look at your shoes for a second, then straighten back up. Keep both hands either on your instrument or at your sides. Don’t curtsy. Don’t shrug or roll your eyes or pull faces. (I suggest practicing your bow a little before your performance. Maybe take smartphone video so you can see if you are doing something weird.)
    • After bowing, make any last-minute arrangements or adjustments: arranging sheet music, checking reeds, etc.
    • If you are taking a tuning note on stage, turn to whoever is providing the pitch. Mostly listen, then play briefly, adjust, and if needed play one more time (briefly!) to be sure. Don’t play a long tuning note, like you’re trying to convince yourself that you’re right. If you’re uncertain about your ability to tune accurately on stage, you can tune to a tuner or other reference before going on stage, and use the onstage tuning as a chance to just play a note before you begin the performance.
    • During the performance, don’t make faces or gestures in response to mistakes. It calls unnecessary attention to what probably are barely-noticeable glitches, and takes you and your audience out of the moment.
    • As you and/or your collaborators play the last note of each movement or piece, freeze in place. Hold your position until the last note finishes reverberating in the performance space, then another second or two.
    • If you just finished a complete musical work (not just one movement of the larger work you are performing), you can bring your instrument down into a carrying position, look out into the audience, and smile to signal that the piece is complete. They should start to applaud at this point.
    • Leave the stage quickly. Don’t be caught still on stage when the applause ends. In some situations you can leave your sheet music behind to be retrieved later.
    • In some cases the audience will continue to applaud enthusiastically after you leave the stage. If you like, you can return to the stage for another bow and then leave quickly again. Sometimes the audience doesn’t bring you back for another bow—don’t take that personally.

    Break a leg!

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    Reedmaking and choosing your college oboe or bassoon professor

    US college/university music departments and conservatories are filled with talented, qualified faculty. If you are an oboist or bassoonist bound for a large school then there will almost certainly be both oboe and bassoon professors there with outstanding credentials and years of high-level teaching and performing experience.

    Smaller schools are also well-stocked with excellent music faculty, and can provide a very, very good education. But one thing to bear in mind is that in smaller music departments, the faculty members often have to wear multiple hats, sometimes teaching instruments that they don’t perform on.

    Those professors still have much to teach you, and while it’s not an ideal situation it’s also not unheard of. However, for double reed students, there’s an additional wrinkle: the need to learn reedmaking.

    Reedmaking is a crucial skill for oboists and bassoonists. At larger schools it’s not unusual for the oboe and bassoon professors to offer classes in reedmaking, or at least to spend a significant chunk of lesson time on it. And while still learning this art, you will probably need someone to provide you with reeds or adjust ones you purchase elsewhere. (The ones from your local music store or online retailer aren’t likely to play at the level you will need for college study.)

    So, if you’re considering a school where you might study with someone who isn’t a performer on your double reed instrument, it would be worthwhile to find out their plan for teaching you reedmaking. If they don’t have a detailed and convincing one, you might think about some other schools, especially if you are planning to pursue a performance degree, or ask your teacher about ways to fill that gap in your education.

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    What I listen for in scholarship auditions

    It’s scholarship audition season again, which means I get to meet and listen to some very nervous high school seniors (and community college sophomores).

    My university is a small regional one, so our audition process probably isn’t as intense as some of the big name-brand music schools. If you’re preparing for an audition, you should definitely check in with that school to see what they expect, but here’s what I usually hear auditionees play, and what I’m thinking while I listen. Read More “What I listen for in scholarship auditions”

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    Things you need to cover in woodwind methods class

    If you are teaching a woodwind methods course, you might be interested in my book.

    Disclosure: As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases, at no cost to you.

    A few years back I posted a rant about non-mission-critical information in woodwind methods textbooks.

    This is a course primarily for instrumental music majors, who will go on to become school band or orchestra directors, and who need a crash course in the playing and pedagogy of each instrument that will be in their future ensembles. At the places I’ve taught, it means taking students from zero to playing a little bit of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and saxophone, all in one semester. It’s a semester-long sprint.

    I went on to list things I have found in textbooks intended for these courses, which I think are distractions or filler or otherwise misguided.

    woodwind methods class
    photo, Ace Foundation

    What should a woodwind methods class focus on?

    • Fundamentals, fundamentals, fundamentals. Fundamentals. For woodwinds, the following are absolutely, non-negotiably crucial technical elements: breath support, voicing, embouchure, articulation, and finger technique. They must be understood and properly connected to audible elements: tone, intonation, response, volume/dynamics, and fluency (of finger movements). This material should probably make up 90%+ of lecture, readings, in-class activities, etc.
    • Woodwind-specific band-room survival skills: minor instrument repairs and adjustments, reading and interpreting fingering charts, woodwind transpositions, selecting equipment (this needs to be a much bigger conversation than just a list of brands and models), and matching students to instruments (hint: gender, anatomical factors within broad norms, and ill-conceived proficiency testing are not good ways of doing this).
    • Introduction to additional resources. One, two, or even several semesters are not enough to make a undergraduate student into an effective teacher of woodwinds; they need to know how and why to consult available pedagogical books, journals, and online materials.

    Also, disturbingly, I have been hearing occasionally from woodwind methods teachers who are choosing or are being encouraged to skip or minimize the double reeds and focus on flute, clarinet, and saxophone. (I even heard from a publisher alerting me to their woodwind methods textbook that does not cover the double reeds!) I think this is a disastrous side effect of a marching-band-centric approach to music education, and leaves future music educators woefully unprepared to lift their band programs above that level. You have to teach oboe and bassoon!

    The question I get a lot from new college professors about to teach their first woodwind methods course is which textbook to use. I don’t have a strong recommendation. Dietz and Westphal seem to be commonly used, but they are expensive and have the other problems I have previously described. I currently use some materials of my own with my woodwind classes, which may or may not at some point become available. If you like, join this mailing list and I’ll use it to spam you if I ever get everything edited into a book-like form. Update: the book is now available!

    Make sure you are using your woodwind class’s time well, preparing them to teach woodwind fundamentals clearly and thoroughly.

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    Teaching multiple instruments in higher education

    My academic credentials in multiple woodwind instruments have served me well so far: I was fortunate to be one among my graduating class who did get a college teaching job right out of school, and it’s a job that happens to be an excellent fit. Part of the reason it’s a great fit is because teaching multiple instruments is what I want to do, at least at this point; sometimes others assume that I’ve taken a multiple-woodwinds job as a stepping stone to something else, but that isn’t the case.

    While I thoroughly enjoy the variety in my day (I’m teaching oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and saxophone), there are some additional things worth considering if you take on multiple instruments in a collegiate teaching career. For example:

    • Resources allocated per faculty member sometimes get spread extra thin. When I arrived at my new job, I was given a little bit of funding for library acquisitions in my area. If I were teaching a single instrument, my current and future students would have benefited from all that money being spent on items directly relevant to them. Instead, I was able to get only a few items related to each instrument. My students, through no fault of their own, got fewer applicable new library resources.
    • Time also gets spread thin. We recently hosted a high school honor band on our campus as a recruiting event. At one point the visiting students were sent to masterclasses with the professors on their instrument, so I got all the reed players. It’s certainly not impossible to run a worthwhile masterclass in that situation, but the circumstances do complicate things a bit. The same problem exists with studio classes for my college students.
    • Some of the work multiplies. When we hold our ensemble auditions, I select audition excerpts and sightreading material for four instruments instead of one. When it’s time to submit textbook orders to the bookstore, I submit separate requests for each instrument’s separate batch of course numbers.
    • It is common for applied music professors to attend their professional organizations’ conferences annually, and to seek out officer positions in those organizations as a way to enhance their tenure portfolios. I would love to attend the annual conferences of the International Double Reed Society, the International Clarinet Association, and the North American Saxophone Alliance each year, but my limited travel funding and the potential time away from my teaching make this unrealistic. And since I don’t attend any one conference every year, it’s difficult to get taken seriously as an officer candidate.
    Photo, Trevor Hempfling Photography
    Photo, Trevor Hempfling Photography

    Not that I am complaining—I am grateful every day that I get to do what I love for a living, and most of these problems can be mitigated with a little effort and creativity. But I think they are worth knowing about if you see yourself headed for a career in college music teaching.

     

  • Dr. P’s Practice Club: using Facebook to acknowledge student achievements

    I’ve been using Facebook this school year to semi-publicly acknowledge my university students who are meeting their minimum practice requirements:

    I’ve gotten a lot of questions about it from Facebook friends who are music educators, so I thought it might be worth discussing here.

    The concept is pretty simple:

    • When my students come in for their lessons, I ask them to self-report their practice hours for the week. My students are good kids (born and raised in the Bible Belt), and I generally just trust them to report honestly. I also have them keep practice journals, which would at least slightly complicate fibbing about their hours.
    • If they meet their minimum weekly requirement (it varies: more for performance majors, less for music education majors, etc.) they are automatically inducted into “Dr. P’s Practice Club” for the week. At the end of the week I post their names on Facebook and on my office door, plus usually a running tally for those who have made it for several weeks in a row. There are, at this point, absolutely no benefits or privileges to “club” membership other than a little recognition (and, of course, a week’s worth of improvement).
    • I also use Facebook to give public kudos to students for their recitals, ensemble performances, and competition participation and awards.
    • Most of my students have become my Facebook friends, so I can “tag” them when I post. This means that they get alerted that they have been mentioned in my post, and certain of their Facebook friends and mine will also be able to see it. For some of the students, this may include classmates, other music or non-music faculty, friends studying music at other schools, authority figures from work or church, and even parents. Read More “Dr. P’s Practice Club: using Facebook to acknowledge student achievements”

30 Comments

  1. Bravo indeed. I find this post inspiring as a teacher – sometimes I can forget the outcome goal as we work from recital to jury and method book to method book. This is clear and perfectly makes the point. Thanks for posting!
    Jennet

  2. This is excellent. Without the ability to perform and express themselves through their primary instrument they really can’t effectively teach anyone music. All students should reach some of the major literature for the instrument!

  3. Excellent post, Bret, and spot on! Too often I see BME students who think that good teaching is developed in education classes and that their musical skills are secondary. But the tail doesnt wag the dog. BME students need to achieve the highest artistic levels possible in order to fuel fine teaching and have something TO teach.

  4. Excellent article! I was fortunate to have several elementary and junior high Instrumental teachers who were very active with their performing on their instruments in class, in the community, and at the professional level. They were a real inspiration and role model! Then I had a senior high Instrumental director who apparently had played a variety of woodwinds somewhere in his distant past. However, nobody had ever heard him do so. A totally ( and uninspiring ) atmosphere!

    Yes, the Music Ed. majors should indeed hold forth in Applied Study. As teachers, they will be the role models for their students, regarding performing standards, self-discipline to practice, and inspiration for their students. To say nothing about setting examples for musicality!

  5. As a long time music educator who also owned and operated a performing arts academy for nine years, I know that music ed majors are looked down upon by the studio community as not being “real” musicians. The other studio teachers (BAs) were astounded that as a BS in music ed, I was required to do a senior recital and they were amazed at what I was able to perform. Seek out a quality music school that will force you to be a MUSIC educator. I am proud to be a West Chester University alumni! And I am also happy to be back in a music classroom where I can educate all students, not just the talented, hand-picked few.

    1. As a fellow West Chester grad I felt the program was lacking in the fact that our lessons were only 30 minutes. I needed to get another teacher outside of school in order to really learn how to play because who can learn anything In depth in 30 minutes?

  6. If you ever read Herman Scerchen’s book about conducting you will see that one of his requirements in becoming a good conductor is to be able to play an instrument at a professional level because only then can you go beyond technique and be able to experience true musicality!

  7. Totally in agreement. My own teaching was greatly enhanced by the fact that I played bass trombone professionally during my first 40 years of teaching. I wasn’t much at the other instruments, but my ability on trombone got my ear right. Occasionally, I’d play for, or along with, my students. But that wasn’t the point. Listening was the point.

    A colleague who chaired a neighboring music department earned my highest respect when he fired a part-time applied instructor after she said, at a jury, “That’s pretty good for a music ed major.”

    It’s not the case that “those who can’t do teach.” Instead, it’s “those who can do teach better.”

    1. Amen! “Those who can do teach better.” True for my mentor and inspiration, and I hope true for me as well.

  8. I whole heartedly disagree. I wanted to be a choir director but I do not have a solo voice. That should not have kept me from my dream.

    1. I don’t think you quite got the point. Having a solo voice is not needed, but in private voice lessons you learn through experience and individual coaching many things about voice production, and maybe some things about what choral singers need to do differently from solo singers. Also the tutor student relationship is one of the most valuable relationships I have had in my musical life.

      1. Ginny, I think you’re missing Donovan’s point. He wasn’t even able to get to that point because of a perceived lack of initial proficiency / talent. He probably would have greatly benefited from all of the things that you and this article point out (and I do agree with them mostly) but he was never even given the chance.

  9. Brilliant ideas. When teaching I made it a point to learn some kind of physical discipline each Summer, something totally outside my capability (and don’t even ask about my comfort zone) like juggling 5 balls – or worse, 4 – walking backwards on a rail, slack-rope walking, African dance (not the drumming). Something that would make me feel completely stupid and hopeless. Only then did I think myself ready to face a smash of kids that I going to ask to learn how to be meticulously right, be totally themselves and deeply committed to putting themselves out there through the medium of sound. Notes are easy. Expression is work. Knowing yourself well enough to have something to say is terrifying.

    So are good roller coasters. Just try not to throw up…..

    best – Jim

  10. Great article I am a former middle school band director, I taught for 7 years and I had a large and very successful program, several of my former students played in high school, college and some are now teachers or studio musicians.
    Also most of my student are now successful and productive men and women in the community.
    I never played an instrument, I was a voice major and I only took woodwind, brass and percussion techniques, piano for music teachers and I taught myself to play bass while in college.
    Most of my students didn’t have music class in elementary school, and private lessons were completed out of the question for them.
    We used to play Beethiven, Tchaikovsky, Copland, John Williams, Ray Charles, Rick Ross, DMX, 360 Mafia and Eminem among others.
    My students love to play and they never realized that after a year or two they were better players at than me.
    I haven’t play my bass in many years, and I haven’t sung in a long time. By the way I never did a recital.
    Music is music, knowing theory, dynamics, breathing techniques, posture, tempo and articulationa are the basics, and the most important things when teaching or rehearsing, but we can’t forget the other values that we need to teach like team work, cooperating or collaborating with other section members, to blend, follow and lead and to contribute to the community.

  11. Thank you for the blog post. So sad to hear any music student would want to short change their musical development by not taking applied lessons. It’s also not too much to expect them to be able to demonstrate each instrument proficiently to a 2-3 year student’s level at a minimum. In my undergrad we were required to demonstrate all band and string instruments and took playing tests in our technique classes. When we did our practicums and student teaching we were expected to model and demonstrate for elementary band classes on all band and string instruments. We were constantly evaluated in our demonstration/performance skills either on the spot or in real classrooms—video recorded and critiqued by our professors or cooperating teachers. We needed to know and play the instruments we were teaching because how can you teach it otherwise? I think the expectations that are set are followed. If colleges expect the teachers they degree to be proficient instrumental teachers—then they will be. A real life living picture of a proficient player is a way more effective teaching model for a young student than just words. After all, we are talking elementary to middle school level—we aren’t talking necessarily pro-level when we talk about demonstration. And after years of teaching, having all those instruments in your hands everyday for years, it also gets easy—but if you start out with the idea that that is asking too much of a college student, well it may never happen for the professional teacher.
    BM, MM Peabody conservatory performance and education, 12 years public school band director. Freelance bassoonist.

  12. Thanks for the excellent article. As a music major in the ’70’s I saw another side of the story- those who were amazing players on their principal instruments, but blew off all of the secondary instrument classes as unnecessary. We were required to take separate classes in various woodwinds, brass and percussion, as well as a mixed string class. I enjoyed those classes a lot, worked hard in them, and found them very valuable once I got out in the field. Most of the students who did not take them seriously did not last long as teachers. I recently retired after 40 years of teaching music. And yes, I still perform on my principal instrument, and double on a few others as well. My BM degree from Western Michigan University has served me well!

    1. This original post is true… but… Yes, music ed majors need to attain the highest level of competency on their primary instrument that is possible. Agreed fully. No argument here. Anything less is irresponsible. However, my experience is that the real problem is that there are too many “teachers” that have no clue about anything on their secondary instruments. Many of them are great on their primary – having intended to have a performing career – classical or jazz – but it just never happened. They only went into teaching as a back up, and it shows in the quality of their teaching. There is no excuse for a competent music teacher (band director) to not be able to demonstrate every instrument in the band at a basic level. No, I’m not saying they should be able to play them all at an advanced level, but they should without fail be able to demonstrate them all for the first several years of study.

  13. I’m not sure I could disagree more. I know almost no employed applied music majors IN THE PERFORMANCE FIELD OF STUDY that I went to school with. On the other hand, I know of very few music Ed. majors who are not employed in the music industry…teaching in specific. The article sounds like it is propaganda composed and embraced by applied study individuals who could be great teachers of their instrument, but times have changed.

    1. Jim,

      I think the point of the article was to extol the importance of critical listening, which is a skill most closely honed through practice.

      “Applied Music” is the course title for what many music majors more commonly call “private lessons”. In many schools of music across the country, the undergraduate degree plan for Music Education majors is being amended to reflect a decrease in requisite Applied Music or “private lesson” courses.

      This article asserts the importance of private instruction to the music educator. It does not, inversely, assert that a degree in Music Performance is somehow any more lucrative than that of a Music Education. To assume as much betrays missing the point.

      That said, I am currently working on my DMA in Performance and my wife holds a DMA in Performance. Both she and I have held jobs in Music in the past and she is currently a middle school choir director. Furthermore, while performance IS a competitive career path, we both have several friends who sing at the Met, Covent Garden, Deutsche Oper Berlin, and several regional houses here in the states. I, myself, have sung, most recently, with Nevada Opera and my wife was under management when we lived in NYC. Neither of us looks down on an individual who holds a degree in Music Education, nor do we regret our decision to study Performance.

  14. Fortunately things have not changed. My philosophy was “you learn the fundamentals of music in the classroom, you learn to be a musician in the private studio.”

    Keith Pettway
    Professor Emeritus, Delta State University

  15. While I agree with the points of this article I also believe that music students regardless of their emphasis should be the best performers that they can be. Also I firmly believe that we as teachers must make time to perform during the years that we teach. I was an orchestra teacher grades 5-12 for 30 years. I played professionally the entire time I taught. Obviously I didn’t have a career in the New York Philharmonic, but I did play in the Memphis and Jackson Symphonies for 35 years. I think this kept me interested in the music I was teaching. Not only did I teach students to love performing, but I kept myself challenged. Let’s not forget that we chose to be music educators because we love to make music on our instruments.

  16. When in college, in music methods and techniques courses, I’m going to play clarinet, double bass, oboe, bassoon, trombone, trumpet, flute, baritone horn, tuba, French horn, percussion, harp, harpsichord, and organ. I am studying piano and voice in applied music to become a choral music teacher.

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